Article  2001;5(2):18–23. The final SEKN report summarised that “social exclusion processes result in a continuum of inclusion/exclusion characterized by inequalities in; access to resources (means that can be used to meet human needs), capabilities (the relative power people have to utilize the resources available to them) and rights. Sayce L. From psychiatric patient to citizen: overcoming discrimination and social exclusion. 2014;119(1):121–37. The domains these tools cover are also very similar to the domains covered by those tools explicitly stating that they are measures of social inclusion. The closely related term “social inclusion” has also become popular in the related literature and in international policymaking. For instance, both online and in-person experiences of ostracism affect people in the same way (Filipkowski & Smyth, 2012). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2004. p. 107–32. 2004. http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/MH_Promotion_Book.pdf. Dunn S. Creating Accepting Communities: Report of the Mind Inquiry Into Social Exclusion and Mental Health Problems. The widespread adoption of the term has been met with scepticism by others who have been critical of the move from focusing mainly on low levels of income as the primary cause of disadvantage; saying that now much of the blame for being socially excluded rests with the individual themselves, conveniently shifting the focus away from those with power and influence in society [14,15,16]. Waghorn G, Chant D, King R. Classifying socially-valued role functioning among community residents with psychiatric disorders. For example, the SIS tool for patients in mental health settings with schizophrenia focuses on the concept of social integration. Some of the 22 tools included were previously validated and evaluated, others were not, and this was not taken into account for this publication. Accessed 15 Sep 2016. Accessed 11 Mar 2017. Poverty in Europe. Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1st ed. Ment Retard. Another reason the SEKN work may not feature is that the SEKN authors stated “inclusion in some measures of a variety of health indicators as a component of or risk factor for social exclusion, rather than an outcome of the experience, all make it difficult to ‘measure’ the impact of social exclusion in health outcomes”. Social exclusion, global poverty, and scales of (in)justice : rethinking law and poverty in a globalizing world. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 2008;55(1):47–56. A number of review papers were discovered during the searches and these are noted on the table in Additional file 1. 2012;36(2):45–50. Health Technol Assess. Reliability and validity of the social integration survey (SIS) in patients with schizophrenia. These tools vary in the number of items they include, how scores are allocated and in how they are administered. On the other hand, economists argue that gathering and analysing statistical information relating to social exclusion can help to identify which groups are excluded, identify the forms and levels of exclusion they face, and … Scoping reviews do not typically involve detailed critical appraisal of the included work, thereby allowing a variety of both peer-reviewed and grey literature to be included. In: Beck W, Van der Maesen L, editors. It’s as simple – and as complicated – as that” [17]. Behav. Social anthropologists argue that exclusion is a process and that identifying and measuring it risks essentialising statistical categories into groups. Social Exclusion Cyberball is a computer-based task that in-duces feelings of exclusion, relative to a social inclusion con-trol condition [37]. Behav. 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POD summarised all data found and presented it to KE and DOD for comment and feedback. Coombs T, Nicholas A, Pirkis J. There were no scales or tools found that were developed for the measurement of social exclusion alone. Accessed 01 Feb 2016. Killaspy H, White S, Taylor TL, King M. Psychometric properties of the mental health recovery star. Room described many of the recurring ideas seen across various definitions when he stated that social exclusion was ultimately a “multidimensional, dynamic and relational concept” [14, 62, 63]. Cabinet Office Social Exclusion Task Force & Department of Health. Omtzigt DJ. Groups that are commonly mentioned in the context of social exclusion and health include people who experience homelessness, people who are problem drug users, people who engage in sex work, Gypsies and Travellers and people with disabilities [27, 28]. Subsequent research on social exclusion measurement did not seem to rely on the SEKN report for reference or a definition of the concept of social exclusion. The process is displayed in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram in Fig. The creators of four other tools (SCOPE-C, CMSI, LCQ and MHRS) also explained that their particular measure was based on an existing tool. The empiric and grey literature searches were carried out as detailed above. Kelly R. Social Inclusion Policy Community & Enterprise Directorate Clare County Council. Estivill J. Concepts and Strategies for Combating Social Exclusion: An Overview: International Labour Organization. While the definitions of social inclusion and social exclusion themselves are unclear, the fact that authors and policy makers also use other similar, but equally ill-defined, terms in discussion of these complex concepts may add to the confusion around the issue. Huxley PJ, Chan K, Chiu M, Ma Y, Gaze S, Evans S. The social and community opportunities profile social inclusion measure: structural equivalence and differential item functioning in community mental health residents in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom. Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020: World Health Organization. Rate the degree to which you agree or disagree with each statement using the following scale (1 = Strongly Disagree and 6 = Strongly Agree). Social exclusion (SE) refers to the inability of certain groups or individuals to fully participate in society. Accessed 14 Jul 2016. Accessed 12 July 2017. The number of tools that have been created since the year 2000 is striking. Br J Gen Pract. 2012;59(5):501–7. : critically assessing the rise of the homelessness outcomes star. The tools varied greatly in their design, the scoring systems and the ways they were administered. Sustainable development goal 3: ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Accessed 12 May 2016. Part of Springer Nature. Other sources mention numerous additional groups at risk of social exclusion: people who are unemployed, people who are migrants and refugees, people with mental health problems, women and children, older people, rural dwellers, people leaving institutions and single parent families [3, 29]. DOD is Senior Lecturer in Social and Preventive Medicine at the National University of Ireland Galway School of Medicine and Director of Public Health at Health Service Executive West. 2009. http://www.uwcnvi.ca/web_documents/cfp_hps_hf_appendix_b_-_sample_assessment_tool.pdf. 2008. http://www.who.int/social_determinants/media/sekn_meaning_measurement_experience_2008.pdf.pdf. Popay J. Cambridge: Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge; 1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005. p. 196–223. One possible reason for this is recognition of the immense, and increasing, economic and social burden of mental ill health worldwide [53,54,55]. Both tools were developed as part of large-scale commissioned research projects: with the SCOPE tool resulting from work on a Health Technology Assessment carried out for the UK’s National Institute for Health Research, and the LCQ being developed by the Australian Mental Health Outcomes and Classification Network for their Government Mental Health Information Strategy Standing Committee. CAS  There are two versions of this scale included; the short, 6 item scale and the 12 item scale. 2/21 resulted in qualitative answers only that were available for further analysis, or used to prompt discussion between the person being assessed and relevant service providers (EMILIA Project Questionnaire [EPQ], MSI). 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